Diversity of Social Ties and Employee Innovation: The Importance of Informal Learning and Reciprocity / [La diversidad de los lazos sociales y la innovación en el trabajo: la importancia del aprendizaje informal y de la reciprocidad]

This study examines the relationship between employees’ social tie diversity (ties heterogeneity based on organizational functions), innovative work behavior, informal field-based learning, and reciprocity (bidirectional ties proportion). A sample of 182 workers from an Italian clothing manufacturing company was analyzed. The findings reveal that social tie diversity positively influences innovative work behavior, and their relationship is mediated by informal field-based learning. Additionally, reciprocity strengthens the indirect link between social tie diversity and innovative work behavior. This research contributes to the network and innovation literature by corroborating the role of social tie diversity in promoting innovative work behaviors, highlighting the importance of informal field-based learning, and emphasizing the impact of reciprocity. By doing so, this study offers insights into processes and conditions under which social tie diversity has the greatest impact on employee innovation, providing practical implications for fostering innovative work behaviors in organizations.(AU)

El estudio analiza la relación entre la variedad de vínculos sociales de los empleados (heterogeneidad de los vínculos cimentada en las funciones en la empresa), el comportamiento innovador en el trabajo, el aprendizaje informal de campo y la reciprocidad (proporción de vínculos bidireccionales). Se utilizó una muestra de 182 trabajadores de una empresa textil italiana. Se observó que la diversidad de vínculos sociales influye positivamente en el comportamiento innovador en el trabajo y que esta relación está mediada por el aprendizaje informal de campo. Además la reciprocidad fortalece la relación indirecta entre la diversidad de vínculos sociales y el comportamiento innovador en el trabajo. El estudio es una contribución a las publicaciones sobre redes e innovación al corroborar el papel que juega la diversidad de vínculos sociales en el impulso al comportamiento innovador en el trabajo, destacando la importancia del aprendizaje informal de campo y la influencia de la reciprocidad. De este modo el estudio aporta ideas sobre los procesos y condiciones en las que la diversidad de vínculos sociales tiene mayor repercusión en la innovación de los empleados, con implicaciones prácticas para impulsar el comportamiento innovador en el trabajo en las empresas.(AU)

Workplace Bullying, Emotional Exhaustion, and Partner Social Undermining: A Weekly Diary Study.

Workplace bullying is one of the most relevant social stressors at work. Although previous research has shown its negative consequences for health and well-being, scarce evidence about the short-term consequences of workplace bullying and its crossover effects on the home domain is available. Thus, we conducted a multisource weekly diary study. A sample of 124 employees and their spouses filled a general survey (baseline measures) and a weekly online survey for four consecutive weeks (number of occasions = 992). Multilevel analyses showed that workplace bullying is associated with emotional exhaustion (γ = 0.643, SE = 0.215, t = 2.99, p < .05) and behaviors of social undermining toward the partner (γ = 0.751, SE = 0.187, t = 4.01, p < .01). Furthermore, rumination mediated the relationship between workplace bullying and its potential detrimental consequences for both employees' well-being (i.e., emotional exhaustion) and interpersonal connections (i.e., partner social undermining). These results shed some light on the mechanisms that can explain both the short-term effects of workplace bullying on employees' well-being and how such effects go beyond the work setting and can impact the home domain. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Exploring skill requirements for the Industry 4.0: a worker-oriented approach / Explorando habilidades requeridas para la Industria 4.0: Un enfoque orientado al trabajador

Emerging technologies are shaping the world of work, thus creating an increasingly digital industry, also known as “Industry 4.0”. Thus, examining skill requirements becomes essential to facilitate organizational adaptation to this technological revolution. The aim of this study was to explore the perception of skill requirements of workers of a highly technological manufacturing company. In Study 1 (n = 671), an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to identify relevant groups of skills. A year later, in Study 2 (n = 176), we confirmed the factor structure through a confirmatory factor analysis and we conducted a latent growth curve analysis to examine potential changes of the previous skill requirements due to the lockdown and the forced remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings showed that cognitive, functional business, strategic and managing people skills are considered as important resources for the industry 4.0, being the functional business skills increasingly relevant in time 2. Moreover, we identified differences between managers and subordinates regarding such skills. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for skills development in the digital age.(AU)

Tecnologías emergentes están dando forma al mundo del trabajo, creando así una industria cada vez más digital, también conocida como "Industria 4.0". Por tanto, examinar el requirimiento de habilidades se vuelve esencial para facilitar la adaptación organizacional a esta revolución tecnológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la percepción de las habilidades requeridas por los trabajadores de una empresa manufacturera altamente tecnológica. En el Estudio 1 (n = 671), se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para identificar grupos relevantes de habilidades. Un año después, en el Estudio 2 (n = 176), confirmamos la estructural factorial a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio y realizamos un análisis de curva de crecimiento latente para examinar posibles cambios en las habilidades requeridas debido al confinamiento y el trabajo remoto forzado durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Los resultados mostraron que las habilidades cognitivas, funcionales del negocio, estratégicas y de gestión de personas se consideran recursos importantes para la industria 4.0, siendo las habilidades funcionales del negocio más relevantes en el tiempo 2. Además, identificamos diferencias entre gerentes y subordinados con respecto a tales habilidades. Discutimos las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas para el desarrollo de habilidades en la era digital.(AU)

Perceived organizational values and innovation: The role of transactive memory and age diversity in military teams.

This study investigates the mediating role of transactive memory system (TMS) in the relationship between perception of innovation value (VIN) and team innovation, as well as the moderating effect of age diversity for the TMS - team innovation relationship. The study of this moderated-mediation model concerning VIN, TMS, and team diversity as a contextual factor, is especially relevant in military teams which are directly concerned by military values, have high needs of effective coordination, and naturally are composed by young soldiers working with older leaders. To test our model, we evaluated 453 employees composing 48 military units from Italy's Air Force. Results confirmed that VIN is positively related to TMS, and that the latter has a positive effect on team innovation except at high levels of age diversity where the effect is reduced and non-significant. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and managing age differences, sharing common and distributed expertise, and promoting innovative initiatives in the military. Theoretical backgrounds, results, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Development and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Political Skill Inventory A Measurement Invariance Test / Desarrollo y validación de la versión española del Inventario de habilidades Políticas: una prueba de invarianz de medición

BACKGROUND: The Political Skills Inventory (PSI) is a measurement tool for assessing four dimensions associated with political skills: social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability and apparent sincerity (Ferris, 2005). METHOD: In the present study, multi-sample and multi-method, we developed and analyzed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the (PSI), by performing both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Additionally, a longitudinal reliability test and a sex factorial invariance test were performed. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha and omega indices revealed satisfactory reliability and exploratory factor analyses extracted the four original factors as reported in other studies (N = 309). Confirmatory factorial analyses confirmed that the four-factor solution presented the best fit to our data (N = 248). CONCLUSIONS: We add new evidence for time and sex invariance of the measure, showing that the PSI can be considered a stable and valid measure over time and across sex

INTRODUCCIÓN: El inventario de habilidades políticas (PSI, siglas en inglés) es una medida para calibrar cuatro dimensiones relacionadas con es-te constructo: la astucia social, la capacidad de influencia interpersonal, la habilidad para establecer contactos y la sinceridad aparente (Ferris, David-son & Perrewé, 2005). MÉTODO: En el presente estudio, multi-muestra y multimétodo, sendos análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio se han llevado a cabo sobre dos muestras, una primera compuesta por trabajadores de varios ramos (recogido en tres etapas, con una edad media comprendida entre 43.66 y 44.70 años, DT = 9.42 - 10.22, y un porcentaje de mujeres entre 57.3 - 58.4%) y una segunda por trabajadores del sector salud (Mage = 35.56, SD = 7.23; 80.6% women), para desarrollar y testar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del PSI. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una prueba de fiabilidad longitudinal y un análisis de invarianza relativo al género. RESULTADOS: Los índices alpha de Cronbach (cuyos valores oscilaron entre 0.83-0.90 en nuestros datos, y entre 0.73-0.87 en la versión original) y omega (0.85 para el total de la escala) revelaron un grado de fiabilidad satisfactoria. El análisis factorial exploratorio extrajo los cuatro factores de la versión original, tal y como ya ha sido reportado en otros estudios (N = 309). El análisis factorial confirmatorio confirmó que el ajuste de dicha estructura fue el mejor frente a los datos (N = 248). CONCLUSIONES: Con este estudio se añade evidencia al estudio de la invarianza de género y la estabilidad temporal de esta medida, mostrando que la versión española del PSI puede ser considerada una medida estable y válida a través del tiempo y relativa al género

Exploring daily patterns of work engagement among teachers: a latent growth modeling approach / Explorando patrones diarios de engagement en docentes: una aproximación mediante modelos de crecimiento latente

BACKGROUND: Starting from the Demands-Resources model, our aims through this diary research were to explore daily diary fluctuations in work engagement in a sample of teachers and to look for the effects of that on affect and satisfaction at home. METHOD: Several Latent Growth Curve (LCGA) models were run on two dimensions of work engagement (vigor and dedication) with an exploratory focus, to look for different grouped oscillation patterns. Then, several repeated measures MANCOVA explored whether those patterns were related to affect and satisfaction at night. RESULTS: Two distinct latent trajectories were found for work engagement dimensions. However, neither of them showed any notable development over time. Furthermore, our latent classes were found to be related to inter-individual differences in positive and negative affect, and the satisfaction at home domain, but no interesting within-subjects (overall time) effects were found. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectations, we provide some evidence of the stability of work engagement over the working week. In addition, following previous results, work engagement levels across the working week were found to be related to levels of affect and satisfaction at home, adding evidence to the spillover potential of work engagement on individuals' key personal resources

ANTECEDENTES: partiendo del modelo de demandas y recursos, este estudio pretende explorar distintos patrones semanales de oscilación en el compromiso laboral de una muestra de maestros, y observar cómo dichos patrones se relacionan con los niveles de afecto y satisfacción en su ámbito extralaboral. MÉTODO: las trayectorias se fijaron mediante varios modelos de curva latente (LCGA) en dos dimensiones del compromiso laboral (vigor y dedicación). Luego, una serie de MANCOVA de medidas repetidas exploraron la relación entre dichas trayectorias y los niveles de afecto y satisfacción extra laboral. RESULTADOS: se localizaron dos trayectorias distintas para ambas dimensiones. No obstante, no se observaron grandes oscilaciones temporales. Asimismo, las trayectorias se relacionaron con diferencias individuales en los niveles de afecto y satisfacción en contexto extralaboral. No se apreciaron efectos intra-sujeto (tiempo) reseñables. CONCLUSIONES: a pesar de evidencias previas, los análisis parecen indicar que el compromiso laboral se comporta de forma estable. Por otro lado, se observó un efecto de contagio entre el nivel de compromiso laboral, el afecto y la satisfacción en el contexto extralaboral, añadiendo evidencia a la relación entre el compromiso y los recursos personales de los trabajadores

Exploring daily patterns of work engagement among teachers: A Latent growth modeling approach.

BACKGROUND: Starting from the Demands-Resources model, our aims through this diary research were to explore daily diary fluctuations in work engagement in a sample of teachers and to look for the effects of that on affect and satisfaction at home. METHOD: Several Latent Growth Curve (LCGA) models were run on two dimensions of work engagement (vigor and dedication) with an exploratory focus, to look for different grouped oscillation patterns. Then, several repeated measures MANCOVA explored whether those patterns were related to affect and satisfaction at night. RESULTS: Two distinct latent trajectories were found for work engagement dimensions. However, neither of them showed any notable development over time. Furthermore, our latent classes were found to be related to inter-individual differences in positive and negative affect, and the satisfaction at home domain, but no interesting within-subjects (overall time) effects were found. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectations, we provide some evidence of the stability of work engagement over the working week. In addition, following previous results, work engagement levels across the working week were found to be related to levels of affect and satisfaction at home, adding evidence to the spillover potential of work engagement on individuals' key personal resources.

Short-term trajectories of workplace bullying and its impact on strain: A latent class growth modeling approach.

The aim of this weekly diary study was (a) to identify trajectories of workplace bullying over time and (b) to examine the association of each cluster with strain indicators (i.e., insomnia and anxiety/depression). A sample of 286 employees during 4 weeks of data was used (N occasions = 1,144). Results of latent class growth modeling showed that 3 trajectories could be identified: a nonbullying trajectory, which comprised 90.9% of the sample; an inverted U trajectory; and a delayed increase bullying trajectory; the latter two each had 4.2% of the participants. We found a significant interaction between time and trajectories when predicting insomnia and anxiety/depression, with each strain showing a differential pattern with each trajectory. It seems that the negative effects on insomnia are long-lasting and remain after bullying has already decreased. In the case of anxiety and depression, when bullying decreases strain indicators also decrease. In this study, by examining trajectories of bullying at work over time and their associations with strain, we provide new insights into the temporal dynamics of workplace bullying. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Norm and Deviance-Seeking Personal Orientation Scale (NDPOS) Adapted to the Organisational Context.

Deviance theory introduces a behavioural view on constructive and destructive deviance to explain how an individual's intent can harm or improve organisational well-being. However, to our knowledge, no scale exists that evaluates the personal orientation aspect of deviance and normativity. This article discusses the creation of the Norm and Deviance-Seeking Personal Orientation Scale (NDPOS). To create this scale, we studied the psychometric properties of the instrument using data from French workers. NDPOS exploratory analysis indicated a 12-item scale composed of four factors: normative conformity, normative rule adequacy, deviant performance seeking, and deviant proactivity seeking. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the factorial structure in four sub-scales. Convergent and discriminant validity indicated that deviant dimensions were positively related to expressing voice, cognitive flexibility, and deviant behaviours, whereas normativity dimensions were negatively or not related to these behaviours. Furthermore, opposite relations between the conformity construct and the four factors were observed. Practical implications and suggestions for the development of future research on constructive deviance theory are discussed.

Ripple Effects of Surface Acting: A Diary Study among Dual-Earner Couples.

This study among 80 dual-earner couples examines the ripple effects of emotional labour - on a daily basis. Specifically, we propose that employees who engage in surface acting at work drain their energetic resources, and undermine their own relationship satisfaction. Drawing upon conservation of resources (COR) theory, we predicted that work-related exhaustion would mediate the relationship between surface acting at work and at home. In addition, we hypothesized that employees' emotional energy in the evening would mediate the relationship between surface acting at home and (actor and partner) satisfaction with the relationship. Participants filled in a survey and a diary booklet during five consecutive working days (N = 80 couples, N = 160 participants x 5 days, N = 800 occasions). The hypotheses were tested with multilevel analyses, using the actor-partner interdependence model. Results showed that daily work-related exhaustion partially mediated the relationship between daily surface acting at work and at home. As hypothesized, daily surface acting at home influenced own and partner's daily relationship satisfaction through reduced daily emotional energy. These findings offer support for COR theory, and have important implications for organizations that encourage emotion regulation.

Ripple effects of surface acting: ad diary study among dual-earner couples

This study among 80 dual-earner couples examines the ripple effects of emotional labour - on a daily basis. Specifically, we propose that employees who engage in surface acting at work drain their energetic resources, and undermine their own relationship satisfaction. Drawing upon conservation of resources (COR) theory, we predicted that work-related exhaustion would mediate the relationship between surface acting at work and at home. In addition, we hypothesized that employees' emotional energy in the evening would mediate the relationship between surface acting at home and (actor and partner) satisfaction with the relationship. Participants filled in a survey and a diary booklet during five consecutive working days (N = 80 couples, N = 160 participants X 5 days, N = 800 occasions). The hypotheses were tested with multilevel analyses, using the actor-partner interdependence model. Results showed that daily work-related exhaustion partially mediated the relationship between daily surface acting at work and at home. As hypothesized, daily surface acting at home influenced own and partner's daily relationship satisfaction through reduced daily emotional energy. These findings offer support for COR theory, and have important implications for organizations that encourage emotion regulation

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Modelos de liderazgo positivo: marco teórico y líneas de investigación / Positive leadership models: theoretical framework and research

El objetivo de este artículo es doble, en primer lugar, se define el marco teórico del liderazgo positivo así como las razones de su aparición. Este surge vinculado al paradigma de la psicología organizacional positiva, en cuyo ámbito, se han desarrollado las diferentes formas de liderazgo que lo integran (i.e. transformacional, de servicio, espiritual, auténtico y positivo). Aunque el constructo no parece unívocamente delimitado, los diferentes tipos que se incluyen bajo esta denominación presentan una gran afinidad y elementos comunes. En segundo lugar, se revisan aspectos prácticos vinculados a la investigación empírica que constatan el impacto de este tipo de liderazgo en las organizaciones y se subraya la relación entre estas formas de liderazgo y variables organizacionales positivas. Finalmente, se analizan futuras líneas de investigación para el desarrollo de este marco conceptual

The objective of this article is twofold; firstly, we set the theoretical boundaries of positive leadership and the reasons for its emergence. It is related to the new paradigm of positive psychology that has recently been shaping the scope of organizational knowledge. This conceptual framework has triggered the development of the various forms of positive leadership (i.e. transformational, servant, spiritual, authentic, and positive). Although the construct does not seem univocally defined, these different types of leadership overlap and share a significant affinity. Secondly, we review the empirical evidence that shows the impact of positive leadership in organizations and we highlight the positive relationship between these forms of leadership and key positive organizational variables. Lastly, we analyse future research areas in order to further develop this concept

The Role of Psychological Capital and Intragroup Conflict on Employees' Burnout and Quality of Service: A Multilevel Approach.

Previous studies have found a negative association between intragroup conflict and both employees' health and performance, including the quality of service that employees provide. However, some authors have indicated that such negative effects of intragroup conflict depend on how conflict is managed. In addition, at individual level, research is increasingly emphasizing the role of psychological strengths (i.e., psychological capital) as predictors of health and performance. Thus, this research addresses both a main effect at individual level (psychological capital on burnout/quality of service) and a moderated cross-level model (2-2-1: intragroup conflict, conflict management climate and burnout/quality of service) in a cross-sectional survey study (N = 798 workers nested in 55 units/facilities). Results revealed a main effect of psychological capital on both burnout (r = -0.50) and quality of service (r = 0.28). Also, there was an association between intragroup relationship conflict and burnout (r = 0.33). Finally, there was an interaction effect in which conflict management climate buffers the negative association between intragroup conflict and quality of service. Practical implications of these results for developing positive and healthy organizations that prevent potential psychosocial risks at group level while promote individual strengths are discussed.

Development and validation of the Spanish version of the Team Climate Inventory: a measurement invariance test / Desarrollo y validación de una versión española del Team Climate Inventory: un análisis de invariancia factorial

The present study analyzed the psychometric properties and the validity of the Spanish version of the Team Climate Inventory (TCI). The TCI is a measure of climate for innovation within groups at work and is based on the four-factor theory of climate for innovation (West, 1990). Cronbach’s alpha and omega indexes revealed satisfactory reliabilities and exploratory factor analysis extracted the four original factors with the fifth factor as reported in other studies. Confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed that the five-factor solution presented the best fit to our data. Two samples (Spanish health care teams and Latin American software development teams) for a total of 1099 participants were compared, showing metric measurement invariance. Evidences for validity based on team performance and team satisfaction prediction are offered

El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas y la validez de una versión española del Team Climate Inventory (TCI). El TCI es un instrumento para la medición del clima de los equipos de trabajo, que se desarrolla a partir de una teoría de cuatro factores aplicada a la innovación de equipo (West, 1990). El estudio muestra una fiabilidad satisfactoria del instrumento, estimada con índices Alpha de Cronbach y Omega. El análisis factorial exploratorio retuvo cuatro factores más un quinto, tal como se encontró en otras validaciones del TCI. El análisis factorial confirmatorio permitió averiguar que el mejor ajuste a los datos se obtuvo con el modelo de cinco factores. En el estudio, además, se compararon dos muestras (una de equipos de trabajo sanitarios españoles y otra de equipos de trabajo latinoamericanos pertenecientes a una empresa de desarrollo informático) con un total de 1099 participantes, cuya comparación muestra evidencias de invarianza factorial. Finalmente, se aportan evidencias de validez basadas en la predicción del rendimiento de equipo y de la satisfacción de los miembros

Tendencias actuales en el ámbito de las habilidades sociales / Current Trends in the Area of the Social Skills

En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de artículos sobre entrenamientos en habilidades sociales publicados en la década 2002-2012 a partir de la base de datos PsycInfo, centrando el foco de forma específica en artículos de revisión y meta-análisis. Estos artículos revisan fundamentalmente aplicaciones clínicas y educativas, y tratan poblaciones juveniles e infantiles. Se realiza una revisión crítica de la eficacia de estos entrenamientos, señalando tanto sus ventajas como sus inconvenientes. Finalmente se plantean unas recomendaciones prácticas y se señalan futuras direcciones, las cuales ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de identificar los prerrequisitos para documentar la efectividad de los entrenamientos en habilidades sociales, garantizar la generalización y mantenimiento de los logros alcanzados, adaptar lo sentrenamientos a las necesidades particulares de los participantes, formar y cualificar a las personas que realizan los entrenamientos y expandir los entrenamientos y garantizar su acceso (considerados estos como un derecho y no lujo, y por tanto que deba ser cubierto por las instituciones correspondientes) (AU)

In the present study we realized a review of articles published on the topic of social skills training during the Decade 2002-2012. PsycInfo database was employed, focusing specifically on review articles and meta-analyses. These articles mainly reviewed clinical and educational trainings, implemented on child and youth populations. We started our work with a critical review of the effectiveness of these trainings, analyzing both strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we discuss some practical recommendations and identify future directions. Specifically, we pointed out: the need to identify the prerequisites for assessing and documenting the effectiveness of training in social skills, guaranteeing the generalization and maintenance of the achievements; the need for adapting trainings to participants’ needs; the need to train and qualifying trainers; the need to expand trainings and ensure their accessibility (by considering those training as a right - and not as luxury element - that should be covered by the corresponding institutions) (AU)

Bridging team faultlines by combining task role assignment and goal structure strategies.

This study tests whether the detrimental effects of strong diversity faultlines on team performance can be counteracted by combining 2 managerial strategies: task role crosscutting and superordinate goals. We conducted a 2 (crosscut vs. aligned roles) × 2 (superordinate vs. subgroup goals) experimental study. Seventy-two 4-person teams with faultlines stemming from gender and educational major performed a complex decision-making task. The results show that teams with crosscut roles perform better when they are assigned a superordinate goal than a subgroup goal, whereas teams with aligned roles are not affected by goal manipulations. This effect is mediated by elaboration of task-relevant information. Implications for theory and management of team faultlines are discussed.

Facilitadores y consecuentes del aprendizaje de equipo: apuntes para futuras investigaciones

El aprendizaje ha sido destacado como uno de los pilares fundamentales de la organización (Senge, 1990) y especialmente en los momentos actuales, de incertidumbre y cambio. Como señalan Alcover y Gil (2002) ‘La capacidad para aprender más, y de hacerlo más deprisa que las demás organizaciones, se convierte en la principal, y quizás la única ventaja competitiva sostenible, y por tanto la razón de subsistencia’. El aprendizaje tiene lugar en distintos niveles; además del aprendizaje individual, resulta fundamental el aprendizaje colectivo, tanto organizacional, como de equipo. En relación al aprendizaje de equipo, los investigadores se han centrado en analizar, partiendo de los trabajos pioneros de Edmondson (1999), por una parte los principales factores que influyen en dicho aprendizaje y en segundo lugar la influencia del mismo en los resultados de los equipos. Este artículo tiene un doble objetivo. Primero, sintetizar e integrar las definiciones de aprendizaje de equipo, entendido éste tanto como proceso y como resultado. Segundo, analizar las principales variables antecedentes y de resultado de la investigación actual sobre aprendizaje de equipo.(AU)

Leadership in entrepreneurial organizations: context and motives.

Although organizational contexts have an influence on leadership, and some of their characteristics may facilitate (through weak structures) or inhibit (through strong structures) the leaders' behaviors, the extent of their influence has rarely been studied. Indeed, research of the influence of some types of contexts (entrepreneurial vs. non-entrepreneurial) on the emergence of certain variables (leaders' motives) is even scarcer. This paper analyses this influence in 40 companies, interviewing their leaders to obtain a qualitative register of their motives, and administering questionnaires to members of their respective management teams. The hypothesis considered was that, in 'weak' contexts (entrepreneurial), the leaders' motives would be more salient than in 'strong' contexts (non-entrepreneurial). The results largely confirm this hypothesis with respect to behaviors that are directly related to three main motives (power, affiliation and achievement). These results are discussed, and practical suggestions are provided for future research.

Facilitadores y consecuentes del aprendizaje de equipo: apuentes para futuras investigaciones / Facilitators and consequences of team learning: Notes for future investigations

El aprendizaje ha sido destacado como uno de los pilares fundamentales de la organización (Senge, 1990) y especialmente en los momentos actuales, de incertidumbre y cambio. Como señalan Alcover y Gil (2002) 'La capacidad para aprender más, y de hacerlo más deprisa que las demás organizaciones, se convierte en la principal, y quizás la única ventaja competitiva sostenible, y por tanto la razón de subsistencia'. El aprendizaje tiene lugar en distintos niveles; además del aprendizaje individual, resulta fundamental el aprendizaje colectivo, tanto organizacional, como de equipo. En relación al aprendizaje de equipo, los investigadores se han centrado en analizar, partiendo de los trabajos pioneros de Edmondson (1999), por una parte los principales factores que influyen en dicho aprendizaje y en segundo lugar la influencia del mismo en los resultados de los equipos. Este artículo tiene un doble objetivo. Primero, sintetizar e integrar las definiciones de aprendizaje de equipo, entendido éste tanto como proceso y como resultado. Segundo, analizar las principales variables antecedentes y de resultado de la investigación actual sobre aprendizaje de equipo.

The learning has been highlighted as one of the main pillars of the organization (Senge, 1990) and especially in the present time of uncertainty and change. As Alcover and Gil (2002) affirm, the 'capacity to learn more, and make it more quickly than the other organizations becomes the main, and perhaps only sustainable competitive advantage, and therefore the reason for subsistence'. The learning takes place at various levels; in addition to the individual learning, it is essential the collective learning, both organizational, and team. In relation to the learning of teams, researchers have focused on analyze, on the basis of the pioneering work of Edmondson (1999), first in what concerns the main factors that influence such learning and secondly the influence of the same in the results of the teams. This article has a dual purpose. First, to synthesize and integrate the definitions of team learning, understood that as a process and as a result. Second, to analyze the main background and outcoming variables of the current research on team learning.